Russie

Segmentation and transitions between temporary and long-term employment. Comparison of employment relations in automobile companies in the BRIC countries

Jürgens, Ulrich, & Martin Krzywdzinski (2012).  Segmentation and transitions between temporary and long-term employment. Comparison of employment relations in automobile companies in the BRIC countries. Gerpisa colloquium. The BRIC countries are often characterized by the dominance of nonstandard employment relations (temporary, agency and contract work) and informal work. But which approaches do the automobile companies follow in the BRIC countries? Do the companies rely on standard long-term employment relationships and constitute “protected islands” within the respective national economies? Or do the companies pursue the approach of segmentation between a (small) core workforce and a (broad) margin of temporary employment? How do skill requirements, labor market conditions and the regulation in the BRIC countries influence the companies’ approaches?

Le coût de l’immobilier et le développement de l’automobile : une question d’économie politique

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa et conseiller scientifique de la Chaire de Management des Réseaux du Groupe Essca.

Le Gerpisa recevait cette semaine un de ses membres allemands, Martin Krzywdzinski, qui, avec Ulrich Jürgens, a conduit ces trois dernières années, un travail comparatif sur les formes de gestion des ressources humaines qu’un grand constructeur allemand, d’une part et un grand constructeur japonais, d’autre part appliquent au Brésil, en Russie, en Inde et en Chine, dans leurs usines plus ou moins récentes. L’importance et les apports de cette recherche conduiront immanquablement à ce que, dès sa publication, il suscite un intérêt tel qu’il nous donnera l’occasion d’y revenir.

Un aspect spécifique retiendra ici notre attention : c’est l’importance des conditions dans lesquelles les salariés peuvent se loger. De l’aveu même des chercheurs, ils n’avaient pas prévu dans leur protocole d’enquête de s’y attacher pas plus – soulignent-ils – que les décideurs des grands constructeurs concernés n’avaient planifié leurs implantations en intégrant cette dimension. C’est le caractère récurrent des préoccupations exprimées à ce sujet chez les salariés comme chez les managers qui a conduit les chercheurs à en faire un des items clés de la comparaison. read more

Change in the management of subsidiaries due to increasing value competition - as a starting point for a survey on the impact on employment and occupational qualifications†

Proff, Heike (2012).  Change in the management of subsidiaries due to increasing value competition - as a starting point for a survey on the impact on employment and occupational qualifications†. Gerpisa colloquium.

Currently, automotive companies are increasing their value added in the growth markets of the BRIC countries, despite the risk of losing knowledge, especially in China. Protecting their global market position and handling the major markets, especially the Chinese market, require high levels of foreign investment, not only in production, but also in other value-adding activities such as research and development (R&D). A new form of value chain competition arises.
 
Therefore, global automotive manufacturers’ and suppliers’ management has to adapt to the changing importance of the foreign subsidiaries and now has to coordinate them at least on a regional basis, if perhaps not yet globally.
 
However, up to now, despite the regionalisation in East Asia, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa, the value-adding activities of the subsidiaries have been largely confined to single foreign markets. In addition, the interactions between the subsidiaries compared to the exchange relationship between subsidiaries and the parent companies have been low. This has mainly been caused by inter-company transfer pricing and tight, centralized management by the parent companies.
 
Therefore, “integrating a (new) site into the value added network”, as a fourth step in traditional international market management (after 1. Identifying attractive markets and sites, 2. Deciding on the form of internationalisation and 3. Deciding on the form and timing of establishment), has had to be extended by a multi-market management to reduce product substitutability and the scale and scope disadvantages within and between multinational companies (as a first step, to prevent overcapacities) (cf. Proff 2007 and Proff, Proff 2008, based on Bulow et al. 1985). In a second step, the coordination of international value adding activities must be improved in order to further reduce scale and scope disadvantages. Multi-market management thus becomes coordinated multi-market management.
 
Coordinated multi-market management has to increase the exchange between subsidiaries through “strategies covering coordination needs” (cf. Peng, Meyer 2011, pp. 457), which is still low in the automotive industry compared to the exchange relationships between the subsidiaries and the corporate centre or parent company (cf. Fuchs, Apfelthaler 2009, p. 214).
 
Many different “strategies covering coordination needs” are discussed in the literature (cf. overview in Kutschker, Schmid 2011, p. 1035):
 
-        Technocratic coordination strategies that aim to impose routines and standards on operational inputs (e.g. execution of operational processes) and operational outputs (e.g. results) through rules and programmes, plans, budgets, reporting systems and formalisation,
-        People-orientated coordination strategies that are carried out by personal instructions, autonomy, visits, executive transfers, standardisation of roles and culture-orientated coordination and
-        Other “strategies covering coordination needs” such as transfer prices, knowledge transfer and self-organisation.
 
Although many studies examine which coordination strategy is most efficient, and under what contextual factors the use of a specific coordination strategy is particularly efficient, they have not yet succeeded in finding the answers. For this reason, international companies normally use a range of different coordination strategies simultaneously.
 
We used an oral survey as our empirical methodology, in order to identify first indications of future changes in the management of subsidiaries on the basis of increasing international value added competition, and conducted in-depth interviews with experts in the automotive industry using a structured interview guideline. The interviews lasted around one and a half hours on average. This methodology was selected because assessments of future developments, i.e. the strategic perspective of the respondents, were to be recorded. It was therefore impossible to use conventional hypothesis testing and an analysis by multivariate methods.
 
We conducted interviews of 93 industry experts (generally from leading automotive industry associations), well-known academics and top managers (generally managing directors) of subsidiaries of German automotive manufacturers and suppliers in the BRIC countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China – all in the year 2010 during research trips to all four countries – and in the German parent companies
 
The interviews showed that of the many “strategies covering coordination needs” discussed in the literature, four appear to be particularly important: 1. Regional management with extensive autonomy from the corporate centre and coordination based on value consensus, 2. Institutionalised knowledge transfer with coordination based on differences in know-how, 3. Personnel transfer with hierarchical coordination and 4. The offer of shared support functions, with coordination via transfer prices which exploit tax advantages.
 
The interviews therefore showed that these four “strategies covering coordination needs” appear important to the experts and are in some cases already pursued in the multinational automotive companies, but that they are not yet followed to an adequate extent. In China in particular, the many sites have not been coordinated so far in a Chinese or Asian network, but mostly remain autonomous value-adding units.  With the fast growth in China and the other BRIC markets, coordination needs will increase (cf. Proff 2012 and Bernhard 2011, p. 31), the role of subsidiaries therefore has to be redefined.
This finding gives rise to a need for further research. We therefore propose a subproject
“Changes in the management of subsidiaries of multinational automotive companies within a new international division of labour and changes in the employment relationship”
for the new GERPISA International Research Project in the field: New Demarcations in the Global Automotive Industry - Breakup of the Triad, as proposed by Ludger Pries and Antje Blöcker.
 
For this subproject, we can derive the following assumptions:
  • Due to increasing value adding activities in subsidiaries operating in emerging markets, a change from a previously largely locally orientated management to a regional and even globally orientated management with increasing autonomy and accretive influence on the management of the parent company is probable.
  • Parent companies need skilled workers, because branding, technical development and the production of central components still have to be done within the parent companies.
  • Despite the shift of research and development activities into new growth markets, the Triad will remain a central location for innovation, because Asian manufacturers are investing heavily in the Triad.
 
In this subproject we will examine assumptions relating to the influences on employment and occupational qualifications in the foreign locations as well as at the parent companies in Germany. Therefore, case studies will be conducted with parent companies of German manufacturers and their subsidiaries in the BRIC countries (in collaboration with GERPISA colleagues in France and Italy, possibly with partners in the BRIC countries). The research framework will consists of theories on the role and coordination of subsidiaries in the international management and value adding activities of multinational enterprises.
 
 
 
 
Selected References
 
 
Bernhardt, W. (2011) Die Automobilindustrie im Jahr 2025 – heute die Basis für den Erfolg von
            morgen legen, in: `Zeitschrift für die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette Automobilwirtschaft
            (ZfAW)´, 14. Jg., S 26-33.
Bulow, J. I., Geanakoplos, J. D., Klemperer, P. D. (1985) `Multimarket oligopoly. Strategic substitutes
            and complements´, in: Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 93, pp. 488-511.
Fuchs, M., Apfelthaler, G. (2009): `Management internationaler Geschäftstätigkeit´. 2. Aufl., Wien.
Kutschker, M., Schmid, S. (2011) `Internationales Management´, 7. Ed., Munich..
Peng, M., Meyer, K. (2011): `International Business´. London.
Proff, H. (2007): `Dynamische Strategien: Unterstützung der Erreichung der angestrebten Wettbe
werbsvorteile im internationalen Wettbewerbsprozess´. Wiesbaden.
Proff, H. (2012) `Managing the transition to electric mobility in Chinese automotive subsidiaries of
MNCs´, will be published in: International Journal of Automotive Technology & Management”,
Spcial Issue on China Strategies, 2012.
Proff, H., Proff, H.V. (2008) `Dynamisches Automobilmanagement. Strategien für Hersteller und
Zulieferer im Internationalen Wettbewerb´. 1. Aufl., Wiesbaden.

The perils of obsolescence: The case of Opel

Kerpen, Daniel (2012).  The perils of obsolescence: The case of Opel. Gerpisa colloquium.

General Motors (GM), the world’s largest automaker in 2011, has been tremendously affected by the 2008-2009 automotive industry crisis: Facing the Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing on June 8, 2009, the GM management and US government officials since then paved the way for a massive company restructuring process (Senter and McManus, 2010). Although being stock market relisted since November 2010 with the largest IPO in US history and reporting an EBIT-adjusted income of $8.3 billion for 2011 calendar-year, the GM recovery process still remains open-ended.

Purpose and approach: The above outlined reorganization is heavily affecting GM’s European branch of automobile production (former GME, defunct since 2010). It’s most important European subsidiary, Adam Opel AG, still remains in the focus of actual trouble-shooting interventions: The question to be addressed in this proposal is the analysis of Opel’s trajectory being affected by GM’s restructuring.

Therefore, first contribution of the presentation will be a comparison of the economic situation of GME in general and Opel in particular in the wake of the 2008-2009 crisis (before/during/after). This will shed a light on the core problems actually still troubling Opel, while competitors like Volkswagen and Renault-Nissan quickly reported recovery of production and sales figures following the latest crisis.

Secondly, I will contribute by analyzing structural problems affecting the future Opel restructuring and the companies’ continuing search for a sustainable strategy and market appearance. Hence, the following analytical dimensions will be of special interest (Boyer and Freyssenet, 2002): 

1) Focussing on markets, preliminary results are by the end of 02/2012: the long criticized restricted market appearance and limited export possibilities for Opel do not allow any or only marginal participation on lucrative export markets like GM’s US home market, as well as the Brazilian and Chinese market; remaining core markets solely are the shrinking or at best stagnating British, German, French, and Southern European markets, whereas in the latter ones sales decline because of the European sovereign debt crisis. GM’s recently announced assistance in Opel’s international marketing and retailing expansion (e.g. in Chevrolet-focussed markets like Russia) has yet to prove its success.

2) Regarding the productive organization, we actually see that Opel’s production sites within the GM Global Manufacturing System (GMS) are limited to Europe, too. Furthermore, plant capacities are not sufficiently utilized (only approx. 75 % against a target utilization of at least 80 %). The co-operation with potential partners like Peugeot, as recently discussed under a new strategic GM-PSA-alliance or partnership, has to be evaluated, e.g. concerning potential benefits in special car segments like B/C-segments; but it remains questionable as a means of diminishing existing overcapacities instead of closing production facilities, a topic currently fuelled by discussions about possible future shutdowns of at least Bochum or Ellesmere Port production site.

3) Observing the company’s product policy, the brand image setback of the 1990s quality problems still troubles Opel today. Although actually being back on track concerning product quality, fuel efficiency, and service, Opel is still affected by budget cuts in R&D in the wake of the GM bankruptcy; which has delayed technological product portfolio revaluations like direct-shift gearboxes or high-compressed downsize ICEs. Finally, the long-awaited and much-applauded range-extended EV Ampera/Volt models have yet to prove their appraisals in advance.

4) Finally, looking at company governance processes, the continuously replacement of top-management positions is tensioning the employees. Furthermore, the employee side persistently clings to concessions in context of an Opel restructuring 2011-2014ff. agreement achieved in fall 2010 (Bloecker, 2011), which is actually already put into question again by GM management. Finally, the newly-elected head of works councils representatives, Schäfer-Klug, has yet to fit in the confident and media-present role which predecessor Franz played while pursuing the finally failed GM-Opel separation.

Conclusion: In sum, these points may not only generally contribute fruitfully to this year’s conference in the selected topic. They may also stimulate discussion in particular with specialized research agendas, for instance researchers interested in future GM trajectories, future prospects of Opel/GM plants, as well as interest in current policies and actions of works councils.

References: 

Bloecker, A., 2011. Chances and failures concerning sustainable location- and job protection: The Case of Opel Bochum [in German]. Presentation prepared for the workshop “Chances and failures concerning sustainable location- and job protection with special reference to OPEL”, promoted by Office of Cooperation RUB/IMU, Hans Boeckler Foundation and Otto Brenner Foundation, Bochum, 24 October 2011. Online available: http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/rub-igm/Transfer/ZWISCHENERGEBNISSE_I.pdf

Boyer, R., Freyssenet, M., 2002. The Productive Models. The Conditions of Profitability, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Senter, R. and McManus, W., 2010. General Motors’ Steps to Recovery. Paper prepared for the 18th Gerpisa International Colloquium, Berlin, 9-11 June 2010. Online available: http://gerpisa.org/en/node/728

La Russie : anti-Europe de l’Est

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

Autrefois géopolitiquement liées, la Russie et les PECO l’étaient aussi économiquement. La chute du mur a fait éclater le bloc il y a un peu plus de 20 ans. La première est restée politiquement et économiquement centrée sur elle-même en contrôlant aux deux niveaux son ouverture à l’Ouest. Les seconds sont, avec l’Allemagne de l’Est d’abord et ses anciens compagnons d’infortune ensuite, rentrés dans l’UE. Ils ont au fond troqué leurs statuts de périphérie plutôt développée du bloc communiste pour devenir la périphérie en développement de l’ensemble européen. read more

La Russie : laboratoire des ambitions françaises dans les émergents

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

Les dix jours écoulés ont été dominés en France par les annonces très contrastées des deux constructeurs nationaux qui ont semblé à certains égards vivre dans deux mondes différents. Plus que leurs ventes en Europe et en France qui, chez PSA comme chez Renault baissent au troisième trimestre (de 11% et 4% respectivement), ce sont leurs capacités à profiter de la croissance des émergents, et, à terme, à y tenir des positions fortes qui sont en cause. Dans le même temps, l’accent était mis sur la Russie : AvtoVaz annonçait un doublement de ses profits au premier semestre et l’entrée de la Russie dans l’OMC- que retardaient en particulier les exigences fixées par l’Etat russe en matière automobile – semble se dessiner pour décembre. read more

Industrie automobile. La croisée des chemins

Jullien, Bernard, & Yannick Lung (2011).  Industrie automobile. La croisée des chemins. Etudes. L’industrie automobile a profondément structuré nos sociétés au XXe siècle : ses procédés de fabrication, ainsi que ses rapports sociaux, se sont étendus à l’ensemble de l’industrie, cependant que la généralisation de la possession de voitures individuelles structurait autour d’elle les espaces urbains. Cette prédominance a été contestée dans les années 1970, avec la critique de la société de consommation et la mise au jour des problèmes de sécurité et de pollution engendrés par la circulation. Plus tard, l’explosion de la demande, puis de la production, dans les pays émergents va poser de façon plus aiguë les questions de la limitation des ressources fossiles et des conséquences climatiques du tout-voiture. La crise de 2008 a accentué la prise de conscience de la nécessité de réviser au niveau mondial les procédés de fabrication et les usages de l’automobile. Confrontée à de nouveaux défis, l’industrie (notamment française – Renault et PSA) a commencé à explorer des pistes : production dans les pays émergents de véhicules très bon marché également vendables dans les pays développés, délocalisation des activités de conception, perspectives prometteuses de la voiture électrique dès lors que s’ouvrent de vastes marchés... L’industrie automobile semble être au seuil d’une révolution.
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Video: Plenary sessions - 8th of June 2011 - Is the Second Automobile Revolution on the Way

Date: 
08/06/2011
François Gayral, Direction Marketing  & Communication Monde, Renault
Pascal Feillard, Direction Stratégie Produits Marchés, PSA
Jean-Paul Bailly, Président du CECRA
Olivier Melis, Président de Mobivia
Philippe Payen, Directeur de la Stratégie, de la Recherche et du Développement Durable de Veolia

Emission / Séminaire / Colloque: 

19th Gerpisa International Colloquium

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Plenary session I. Between greening and BRICs: trade offs and synergies

Bernard Jullien, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan

Michel Freyssenet, CNRS

François Gayral, Direction Marketing  & Communication Monde, Renault
Pascal Feillard, Direction Stratégie Produits Marchés, PSA

Plenary session II. Reconfiguration of the value chains: old and new actors in the automobile system

 


Bernard Jullien, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan 

Jean-Paul Bailly, President of CECRA
Philippe Payen, Director of Strategy, Research and Sustainable Development

Olivier Melis, General Director of Mobivia

 

Organised with the support of the Ministry of Research

 

Vidéo: Sessions Plénières - 8 juin 2011 - La Seconde Révolution Automobile est-elle en cours ?

Date: 
08/06/2011
François Gayral, Direction Marketing  & Communication Monde, Renault
Pascal Feillard, Direction Stratégie Produits Marchés, PSA
Jean-Paul Bailly, Président du CECRA
Olivier Melis, Président de Mobivia
Philippe Payen, Directeur de la Stratégie, de la Recherche et du Développement Durable de Veolia

Emission / Séminaire / Colloque: 

19ème Colloque International du Gerpisa

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Session plénière I. Réduire les émissions et être présents dans les marchés émergents : quelles politiques produits et quels arbitrages 


Bernard Jullien, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan

Michel Freyssenet, CNRS

François Gayral, Direction Marketing  & Communication Monde, Renault
Pascal Feillard, Direction Stratégie Produits Marchés, PSA

Session plénière II. Restructuration des chaines de valeur : anciens et nouveaux acteurs dans le système automobile 


Bernard Jullien, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan 

Jean-Paul Bailly, Président du CECRA

Olivier Melis, Président de Mobivia
Philippe Payen, Directeur de la Stratégie, de la Recherche et du Développement Durable de Veolia


 

Réalisé avec l'aide du ministère chargé de la recherche

Automotive mobility in the world. What alternatives ?

Feillard, Pascal (2011).  Automotive mobility in the world. What alternatives ?. Pascal Feillard Head of Marketing Intelligence & Foresight Secretary General of IVM Mobility :  Ability of individuals to set up a physical link between their activities (i.e. social/economic/cultural) and their housing and to manage the changes of state and location Some data 70-75% of European Mobility is done with automobile 60% of European Mobility is urban or peri-urban In 2009, 50% of the world population lives in urban areas, 80% in the developed countries In 2020, 60% of the world population will live in urban areas, 80% in the developing countries Of the 20 largest urban areas, only 3 will be in developed countries (Tokyo, New York et Los Angeles) What automobile for what cities in 2015/2020 ?

The Second Automobile Revolution is underway! Three scenarios in confrontation

Freyssenet, Michel (2011).  The Second Automobile Revolution is underway! Three scenarios in confrontation. Gerpisa colloquium. Since 2008, many changes confirm the second automobile revolution is underway. Three of its four conditions are fulfilled. Three scenarios of transition to cleaner cars are in confrontation: scenario of diversity, scenario of progressiveness, scenario of rupture. The last, that appears the rikiest, could impose, because the second is changing in its exact opposite: the scenario of "all at once". The first is not supported by coalized actors.

La construction de l’automobile russe : le Brésil aux marches de l’UE ?

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

Le directeur du département automobile du ministère russe de l’Economie, Dimitri Levtchenko, a annoncé mercredi que, fin mai, les accords passés avec les différents constructeurs correspondaient à des investissements totaux de 4 milliards d’euros. Les constructeurs impliqués sont, par ordre croissant d’importance des investissements prévus : VW, GM, Fiat, Ford et l’Alliance Renault-Nissan. On retrouve, de manière assez frappante, les constructeurs les plus engagés au Brésil avec une hiérarchie qui s’inverse, les plus fragiles au Brésil étant ceux qui font le plus d’efforts pour prendre en Russie les positions les plus solides possibles. Il faut dire que, après une reprise très franche dans la seconde moitié de 2010 qui avait porté le marché à + 30,3% par rapport à 2009, le marché russe semble confirmer ses promesses : il s’est situé sur les 3 premiers mois de 2011 à 517 000 VP et VUL soit 77% de mieux que durant les mêmes mois en 2010. read more

The demand for cars in Russia: before and after recession

Starostenkova, Elena (2011).  The demand for cars in Russia: before and after recession. Gerpisa colloquium. The demand for cars in Russia was growing rapidly during pre-recession years (2005-2008). This could be partially explained by the fact that household incomes and wages were rising faster than productivity. However, in general, the share of wages in GDP remained lower than in developed market economies, as well as Brazil and China. Income growth and expansion of car loans (up to 50% of the total sales volume) were the main drivers of the sales growth in all segments of the Russian car market. The period between 2005 and 2008 was called “the consumption boom”. To some extent, this was really so. Rosstat (the Russian statistical agency) reported some reduction of the share of savings and, consequently, an increase in the share of consumer’s expenditures of Russian households. Growing consumer confidence was mirrored by various opinion polls. The level of indebtedness remained low - it didn’t exceed 13% of the total household income (in comparison with, for instance, about 120% in the USA). The recession, which began in Russia in October 2008 (later than in most of the developed market economies), caused a dramatic reduction in the demand for cars and the auto market hasn’t recovered since then. In 2008 Russia ranked fifth in the top 10 countries in terms of car sales volume, in 2009-2010 the country moved to the last place in this list. A sharp fall in demand for cars in 2008-2009 was a consequence of the following processes: • Consumer ‘s shock as a result of recession – dramatic reduction of consumers expenditures; • reduction of the volume of car loans given by banks (from 50% of the total volume of sales in 2007 to 20% in 2009 and less than 40% - in 2010); • Growing protectionism of the state economic policy. Main arrangements of the above policy are as follow: • the increase of custom duties up to the prohibitive level stopped the import of used cars, which used to be high (stated in 2009, still effective) • scrappage program; • the preferential lending program (started in Russia in March 2009, the loan is granted for the purchase of cars or LCV of Russian production at a price less than $20.000, the rate subsidized by Government is 6%). That is, the factors, which provoked a drastic reduction of the car purchases in Russia were (at least partly) quite specific. Sales reduction was not associated only with the dynamics of household expenditures, but with custom duties increase. The car sales have started to grow quickly in the first quarter of 2011. It is rather probable that the annual volume of sales will exceed the pre-recession level. However, it is unlikely that Russia’s share of the global car market (today it amounts to only 3.2% in comparison with China’s 21.1% and 20.5% of the USA) will grow fast. The main reason – low income of 70% of the Russian households and the high income inequality (only 25-30% of households have incomes sufficient to buy a new car). It should be remained than in Russia share of wages in household incomes is high (up to 70 %) as well as differentiation of the wage levels. In terms of the market perspectives it also means that the demand for public transportation vehicles will remain high in the country. This segment of the market has the biggest potential for green, hybrids and electric vehicles of new generation. Some important facts about the Russian car market • High proportion of cars in Russia is of 10 years-old (and even older). Most of old cars are owned by low-income households. Theirs expenses on maintenance are quite substantial (up to 5% of total expenses of the low-income groups); • Before recession old cars were usually replaced by used foreign made cars. Such import was significant during the pre-recession years but it has completely stopped thereafter; • Low level of the financial services in Russia in general, low volume of mortgages and consumer and car loans; • No demand for foreign- made "green" cars and hybrids. So far, hybrid cars (like Chevrolet Volt or Nissan Leaf) haven’t been even presented in Russia by foreign car manufacturers. These models are too expensive for most consumers and they cannot be used as premium class models because of the lack of necessary infrastructure.

De la nouvelle géographie de la production au nouveau paysage géostratégique dans l’automobile mondiale

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

La parution des chiffres de l’Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA) sur la production 2010 dans le monde a été relativement peu commentée. Elle fait pourtant apparaître de manière criante le caractère irréversible de l’irruption d’un nouvel ordre automobile mondial. En effet, outre le fait que la Chine assure désormais presque un quart de la production (18,2 millions des 77,6 millions de VP et de VUL fabriqués dans le monde), l’importance prise par les nouveaux pays de l’automobile durant la crise ressort avec éclat. Si l’on compare ainsi 2010 à 2007 où la production mondiale avait été de 73,3 millions, il ressort que les seuls BRIC représentaient en 2007 moins de 16 millions de véhicules produits (21,4% de la production mondiale) alors qu’en 2010 ils en auront assemblés 27 millions (c’est à dire 34,6%). De même, dans la hiérarchie mondiale des pays constructeurs, la France était encore au 6ème rang en 2007. En ayant vu sa production passer de 3 à 2,2 millions alors que la production croissait rapidement ailleurs, Brésil, Inde, Mexique et Espagne sont désormais devant elle et la France pointe au 10ème rang. Au sein de l’Europe, le redéploiement des productions est également très frappant puisque, avec une production de 857 000 véhicules, l’Italie est par exemple devenue un producteur de moindre importance que la République Tchèque ou la Pologne. read more

Changing Industrial Relations in the Russian Car Industry

Krzywdzinski, Martin (2011).  Changing Industrial Relations in the Russian Car Industry. Gerpisa colloquium. The contribution examines the evolution of industrial relations in the Russian car industry on the institutional/regulatory and on the company level focusing on foreign car manufacturers in Russia. The institutional framework of industrial relations in Russia has been characterized by the coexistence of a “social partnership” rhetoric and formal recognition of the freedom of association on the one hand, and by efforts of the state to hamper the development of trade unions and to limit collective action on the other hand. The constellation of industrial relation actors is changing as the traditional post-communist trade unions are challenged by new merging union organizations. In this situation, the European, American and Asian car manufacturers arrive in the Russian market and introduce their home country models of industrial relations as an additional element to the already dynamic and contradictory setting.

PSA, Renault : derrière une convergence de façade, des stratégies contrastées

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

Comme l’an passé lorsqu’ils annonçaient leurs pertes 2009, PSA et Renault ont paru cette semaine être dans des situations assez comparables et converger progressivement sur un bon nombre de dossiers.

Si l’on ne tient pas compte du gain réalisé par Renault sur la vente des actions Volvo, les bénéfices correspondent à des montants proches. Les deux groupes en profitent pour se hâter de terminer de rembourser la dette de 3 milliards d’euros qu’ils avaient contracté auprès de l’Etat français au plus fort de la crise. Ils sont d’accord pour considérer que leurs ventes en Europe pourraient stagner cette année mais que la part du Reste du Monde est appelé à continuer de croître pour atteindre 50% de leurs chiffres d’affaire autour de 2013 pour Renault et en 2015 pour PSA. Mise à part la Chine, que Renault laisse à Nissan, les autres BRIC sont la priorité pour l’un et l’autre … read more

Which Segment is the biggest Sales Zone in Chinese Automobile Market?

Shioji, Hiromi (2011).  Which Segment is the biggest Sales Zone in Chinese Automobile Market?. Gerpisa colloquium.

We try to examine these three issues.

1.We analyze where are the sales volume segments in developing countries, and in particular in China.

2.We confirm the fact that Japanese makers put importance to middle and high price range in developing countries.

3.We consider why and how Japanese makers can put importance to middle and high price range. Moreover, from long terms viewpoints, how long will they keep its strategy.

Our conclusions are follows.

1.Sales volume zone is different from one country to another. Segment structure has been changing even in same country. Focal segments are different by countries.

2.At present volume zone in emerging markets are B and C segments. Price ranges are $6,000~30,000. Moreover the biggest volume zone is lower half of B seg. Price range are $6,000~12,000.

3.Shares of A segment have been decreasing in Russia, China, and India. Non automobile categories have been reducing excepting India.

4.As results of above 1. 2. 3.,Japanese makers can continue to take a middle and high price (mainly B, C,  D, and E segments) strategy for long period.

5.Demand for C・D・E segments (especially $10,000~40,000) have not been yet saturated. Commoditization of automobile has not come. Comparing with other industries, “Introduction” and “Growing” phases of product-life cycle in the emerging countries need long time, makers of developed countries might take a middle and high price vehicles strategy in emerging markets for long period.

6.On the other hand, low price ranges in A・B segments are “Red Ocean” with bloody battle including Chinese makers. We can not find “Blue Ocean” with no competitors. Because Chinese makers can easily enter the markets of ULCV・LCV such as Nano.

7.It is wrong that Japanese maker enter these ULCV・LCV price range markets right now in emerging countries. The reasons of that are followings. Firstly they can not maintain safety standards and environmental standards at such a low cost. Secondly it cause brand deterioration. Thirdly they can not get profit from “Red Ocean.” Lastly they can take a middle and high price vehicles strategy in emerging markets for long period, because the Introduction and Growing phases of product-life cycle will continue for more years in emerging countries.

2011 : une année à risque pour l’automobile française

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

L’année 2011 apparaît dans l’automobile comme en politique comme étant un peu en suspens.

Les constructeurs et les importateurs vont devoir jouer "sans filets" sur un marché français qui, en raison des primes à la casse, a anticipé en 2009 et 2010 une partie des achats de renouvellement qui seraient normalement intervenus cette année. Bercy s’inquiète déjà des conséquences qu’un reflux de la production en France aurait pour les équipementiers et sous-traitants. PSA et Renault insistent en mobilisant la comparaison France-Allemagne pour que soient tirées les conséquences des Etats Généraux de l’Industrie et que l’on examine sérieusement l’hypothèse d’un financement d’une part significative des dépenses de santé ou de retraites par la TVA sociale et mettent en balance leurs choix d’implantation des modèles à lancer dans la période à venir. Renault qui a lié son sort et celui de Flins à celui des véhicules tout électrique a entamé un compte à rebours avant le lancement commercial du modèle phare de sa gamme électrique que sera la Zoé, annoncée pour mi-2012. read more

Entre mutations industrielles et « conduite apaisée »

Crozet, Yves (2010).  Entre mutations industrielles et « conduite apaisée » . sociétal. 70(4ème trimestre), 62-68.
L’automobile est en crise : crise de l’emploi – les effectifs employés dans ce secteur ne cessent de reculer – crise de légitimité – les élus ne jurent que par les transports en commun – crise technologique – la pollution qu’elle suscite est systématiquement montrée du doigt. Et pourtant, rien ne se fera sans elle. Il n’est qu’à voir l’appétit automobile dont font preuve les pays émergents. 
 

 

La seconde révolution automobile et ses contours

Jullien, Bernard (2010).  La seconde révolution automobile et ses contours. Sociétal. 70(4ème trimestre), 54-61.

Les travaux du GERPISA sur le développement durable de l’industrie automobile conduisent à former un diagnostic au terme duquel les ferments d’une seconde révolution automobile sont réunis. 

U ne évolution inéluctable de l’industrie automobile se précise mois après mois même si beaucoup des acteurs majeurs de la vie de cette industrie restent convaincus du contraire. Pour essayer de s’en convaincre et commencer d’en cerner les contours, on peut examiner tour à tour quatre questions clés posées de manière récurrente : la première est celle de la place des grands pays automobiles dans le paysage mondial, la deuxième, celle de la place des constructeurs dans les systèmes automobiles, la troisième, celle de la solvabilité de la demande et du « consentement à payer » pour l’automobile et la dernière, celle du partage des rôles entre pouvoirs publics et entreprises dans les recompositions des 
systèmes automobiles. 
 

L’avenir de l’auto se construit dans la crise

Pelata, Patrick (2010).  L’avenir de l’auto se construit dans la crise. Sociétal. 70(4ème trimestre), 39-47.
Dans le paysage automobile mondial qui se redessine, les vainqueurs seront ceux qui mettront au point le véhicule électrique efficace, correspondant aux besoins des nouveaux marchés, c’est-à-dire ceux des pays émergents. 
 
Jaguar, Land Rover, Saab, Volvo et le Coréen Ssang-Yong vendus depuis 2008… à des constructeurs indiens ou chinois pour les quatre plus gros d’entre eux. GM numéro un mondial depuis 80 ans et Chrysler mis en faillite en juin 2009, le premier sauvé grâce à une intervention colossale de l’Etat américain, le second désormais contrôlé par Fiat avec l’argent des mêmes contribuables américains… 
Une crise structurelle de l’industrie, mais aussi une crise d’identité de la voiture. Oui, l’industrie automobile a été particulièrement touchée par la « grande récession » depuis mi-2008. Surcapacités dans les pays développés, conséquences mal digérées de la globalisation, résistance aux changements attendus par les clients, organisations 
trop lourdes et donc ankylosées ?
On lit beaucoup d’explications sur le sujet. Mais une chose est sûre, cette crise se double, pour l’automobile, d’une crise d’identité : la voiture de demain ne sera pas ce qu’elle a été et ceci pour de nombreuses raisons. 
 

 

Renault : constructeur diplomate ?

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

Lors de la présentation des résultats du premier semestre 2010, fin juillet, Patrick Pélata avait déjà affirmé, concernant l’international : "la Russie est notre premier enjeu". Au salon de Moscou cette semaine, Christian Estève, VP dirigeant la zone Eurasie, confirmait en commentant le retour à la croissance du marché russe qui pourrait finalement atteindre 1,8 million cette année. On est encore loin des 3 millions atteints en 2008 mais le mouvement de croissance a été effectivement réenclenché par la prime à la casse dont le premier volet, démarré en mars, a concerné 200 000 véhicules. Epuisé il est prolongé actuellement par un second volet. read more

Derrière les bons résultats des constructeurs européens, l’espoir peu réaliste d’un recentrage sur les émergents

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La chronique hébdomadaire de Bernard Jullien directeur du Gerpisa.

Dans un  contexte d’atonie persistante de la demande européenne, les constructeurs PSA et VW annoncent des résultats commerciaux insolemment brillants. Ils semblent d’ores et déjà bénéficier en cela de leur présence dans les émergents et, en particulier en Chine. Même Renault, pourtant absent de Chine, a indiqué cette semaine que son premier semestre 2010 serait fort satisfaisant. read more

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